Complete Guide to Using app.deriv for Trading
Edited By
James Whitaker
Welcome
Trading has become a popular way for many people in Pakistan to earn extra income or diversify their investments. With the rise of online platforms, it’s easier than ever to start trading from your own home. One platform that has caught the attention of traders is app.deriv. It offers a range of trading features designed to suit different experience levels — from beginners to seasoned pros.
This guide is here to walk you through everything you need to know about app.deriv. From setting up your account to understanding the various trading options it offers, we’ll cover all the essentials. We’ll also touch on topics like security measures and support services, making sure you feel confident every step of the way.
Whether you’re new to trading or already have some experience, getting familiar with the platform’s tools and features can make a big difference in your trading success. So, let’s break down the basics to help you start making informed decisions and avoid the common pitfalls many traders face.
Trading online isn’t just about luck; knowing the platform and how to use it smartly is often what separates wins from losses.
Here’s what we’ll cover:
How to register and get started on app.deriv
Exploring the trading products available
Navigating the user interface effectively
Understanding the safety features designed to protect your account
Tips for smooth and secure trading tailored for users in Pakistan
By the end of this guide, you’ll have a deeper understanding of how trading works on app.deriv and what steps to take to maximize your experience. Let’s dive in.
Welcome to app.deriv and Its Purpose
Starting with a clear understanding of app.deriv and its role in trading sets the stage for anyone looking to dip their toes into this platform. The introduction isn't just a formality; it frames the why and how of the tool, explaining why app.deriv could be a good fit and what practical benefits it offers.
Knowing the purpose behind app.deriv helps avoid feeling like you're wrestling a blindfolded octopus; instead, you're equipped to navigate the platform with purpose and confidence. For example, if you are a new trader in Pakistan, understanding app.deriv’s accessibility and market focus can save you a lot of time and frustration.
What is app.deriv?
Overview of the platform
app.deriv is a trading platform that provides users with a variety of financial instruments to speculate on, ranging from forex pairs to CFDs and binary options. Its aim is to provide a flexible experience, whether you’re a total rookie or someone who’s been trading for years. The platform combines user-friendly design with enough tools to give a serious trader what they need.
Practically, this means you get instant access to global markets on a single platform, which simplifies complex trading decisions. The app supports both desktop and mobile usage, which fits well into the fast-paced lifestyle of today's traders.
Target users and markets
This platform mainly targets retail traders who want to explore different types of trading instruments without jumping between multiple brokers. It appeals mostly to individuals in regions like Pakistan, Southeast Asia, and other emerging markets where accessibility to international trading tools might be limited.
For Pakistani traders specifically, app.deriv offers a gateway to global markets while considering local payment options and regulatory constraints. Whether you're an investor testing the waters or a more seasoned analyst looking for a sandbox, app.deriv’s reach covers a broad spectrum.
Key Features of app.deriv
Available trading instruments
What really sets app.deriv apart is the variety of trading instruments it offers. This includes:
Binary Options: Simple yes/no bets on price movements within a defined period.
Forex Trading: Access to major and minor currency pairs for traditional market speculation.
CFDs (Contracts for Difference): Allows traders to speculate on price movements across stocks, commodities, indices, without owning the underlying asset.
This range gives traders a chance to diversify their portfolio, which is essential when managing risk. For example, if the forex market is too volatile, you might find CFDs on commodities like gold a steadier option.
User accessibility and platform compatibility
app.deriv scores high on accessibility. Its platform supports multiple devices, including Windows, macOS, Android, and iOS, making it easy to trade on the go or from your desktop setup.
Moreover, the interface is clean and customizable, so you don’t get bogged down by clutter. The platform also supports multiple languages, including English and Urdu, catering directly to Pakistani users.
Accessibility also extends to lower entry barriers — you don’t need a fat wallet to start trading, making it perfect for newcomers looking to test the waters before fully committing.
In short, understanding what app.deriv is and who it serves gives you an edge. It’s not just about having access to a tool; it’s knowing how to fit that tool into your trading plan, especially given the unique market and regulatory environment in Pakistan.
With this basic yet crucial insight, traders can better decide if app.deriv meets their needs, paving the way for more detailed learning in the following sections.
Getting Started with app.deriv
Stepping into trading with app.deriv can feel a bit like finding your way through a busy market street for the first time. This section breaks down how to get going smoothly, making sure you’re set up right from the start. Grasping the registration process and getting comfortable with the platform’s interface saves you time and headaches down the road. For anyone serious about trading, these first steps lay the groundwork for a smarter, more confident experience.
Registration and Account Setup
Signing up process
Signing up with app.deriv is straightforward but requires attention to detail. The process kicks off with entering your email, choosing a strong password, and selecting your country of residence. This last part is important because it determines what trading options and regulations apply to you.
Make sure to use an email you check often, since all account notifications and important updates will come there. After submitting these details, you’ll receive a confirmation link—clicking it verifies your email and activates your account.
From here, setting your base currency and preferred language can tailor the experience to your needs. For example, Pakistani traders might find using USD or PKR handy for easier currency management.
Verification requirements
Verification is a must to comply with legal guidelines and keep accounts secure. app.deriv requires proof of identity, like a passport or driving license, to confirm who you are. You’ll also need to upload a recent utility bill or bank statement to verify your address.
Though it might feel like a hassle, this step protects your account and helps prevent fraud. Once your documents clear, you’ll unlock full access to trading features — without limits. This safeguards the platform and keeps trades safe, so it’s worth tackling early instead of putting it off.
Navigating the User Interface
Dashboard overview
The dashboard is your command center, giving you a snapshot of everything happening in your account. On app.deriv, it neatly shows your available balance, open trades, and recent market activity all in one place. No need to dig around—key info is right up front, so you know where you stand.
One useful feature is the live price ticker, which shows current rates for your favourite assets like forex pairs or commodities. This real-time data helps you catch market shifts as they happen, which is crucial for timely decisions.
Customization options
Not everyone trades the same way, so app.deriv offers customization to match your style. You can reorder widgets on the dashboard, choose light or dark mode, and save favourite assets to track quickly. This means you won’t waste time hunting for what matters most to you.
Additionally, alerts can be set for price thresholds or trade status changes, sending notifications straight to your phone or email. Whether you’re glued to the screen or on the go in Karachi or Lahore, these tools keep you connected and ready.
Starting off on the right foot with app.deriv means understanding how to sign up securely and getting familiar with the platform’s dashboard. Once comfortable, you’ll trade with more confidence and less stress.
By covering the basics from signing up to tweaking your workspace, this section helps you hit the ground running. The following parts will build on this foundation, diving into placing trades and analyzing markets like a pro.
Trading Options on app.deriv
Trading options on app.deriv offer a versatile environment for traders in Pakistan looking to diversify their portfolio and work with a broad range of financial instruments. Understanding these options is key because it helps traders pick the assets and strategies that best fit their risk appetite and market outlook. app.deriv breaks down complex markets into accessible formats, making it easier for new and experienced traders alike to participate.
The practical benefit here lies in flexibility and depth — not only can you trade in popular assets like currencies and stocks, but the platform also allows you to experiment with different derivatives, each with unique traits. In essence, the Trading Options section is like a toolkit, presenting choices and explaining how each can serve different trading goals.
Types of Trades You Can Make
Binary options are among the simplest yet compelling offerings on app.deriv. This trade type involves predicting whether an asset's price will go up or down within a fixed time. For anyone starting out, this is an approachable way to learn about market movements without getting overwhelmed by complicated terms. Imagine you think the USD/PKR exchange rate will rise in the next 15 minutes. You buy a binary option; if you're right at expiry, you earn a fixed payout, regardless of how much the price changed.
Moving to forex trading, this is where app.deriv shines with its wide array of currency pairs, including major, minor, and exotic pairs tailored for PKR users. Forex trading requires understanding price fluctuations influenced by global and local economic factors. For example, a trader might bet on EUR/USD anticipating news from the European Central Bank will influence the Euro's strength. Forex on app.deriv uses real-time data and lets you control leverage, which means you can trade bigger positions than your capital but must be careful with potential risks.
CFDs and other derivatives allow traders to speculate on the price movements of stocks, commodities, indices, and cryptocurrencies without owning the actual asset. CFDs are powerful for those wanting exposure to diverse markets with the added benefit of margin trading. Consider a trader who wants to profit from a fall in gold prices; through CFDs, they can sell gold contracts without purchasing physical gold, benefiting from price drops. app.deriv makes this straightforward, offering clear contract specifications and risk management tools.
Placing Your First Trade
Choosing assets is the first practical step in trading on app.deriv. The platform provides a neat interface where assets are categorized by type and popularity, making it easier to pick based on your interest or market analysis. For instance, if you’re familiar with tech stocks, you might jump into trading CFDs on Apple or Tesla. The key is to start with what you understand or where you can reasonably track market movements.
Next, setting trade parameters is crucial in managing your risk and potential profits. Parameters include the investment amount, expiry time for binary options, or leverage for CFDs and forex trades. Let’s say you want to place a binary option; you'll decide how much to invest and select a timeframe for the option to expire — say 30 minutes. This controls your maximum risk and potential gain. For forex or CFDs, setting stop-loss and take-profit levels protects you from large losses or takes advantage of favorable price moves, respectively. App.deriv’s interface guides you smoothly through these selections, ensuring you’re clear about what you’re committing.
Getting comfortable with these trading options and parameters isn’t just about making money; it’s about understanding market behavior and managing how much risk you’re willing to take on. Practice using demo accounts to build familiarity without risking real funds.
By knowing what types of trades you can make and how to place your first one, you're better equipped to navigate the markets and make informed decisions on app.deriv.
Tools and Resources Available
Using the right tools and resources can make or break your trading experience on app.deriv. These features help you navigate the markets with more confidence and precision. Whether you’re a beginner scoping out the basics or a seasoned trader refining strategies, having easy access to analysis tools and educational materials makes all the difference.
Charting and Analysis Tools
Technical indicators play a huge role in helping traders make sense of price movements. App.deriv provides a variety of popular indicators like Moving Averages, RSI (Relative Strength Index), and Bollinger Bands, which reveal market trends and potential entry or exit points. For example, spotting a RSI value above 70 might suggest an overbought condition, nudging you to consider selling or holding off on buying. These indicators turn raw data into understandable signals, helping you avoid trading blind.
Real-time data handling is essential, especially on fast-moving markets like forex or commodities. On app.deriv, you get live price updates and instant chart refreshes that keep you on the pulse. Imagine trying to trade oil futures without knowing the latest price changes — you’d be at a serious disadvantage. The platform’s ability to deliver timely data ensures you aren’t reacting to yesterday’s news. Speedy data flow means you can execute trades with accurate, up-to-the-second info, reducing lag and guesswork.
Education and Market Insights
Tutorials and webinars make a big difference in leveling up your trading game. App.deriv offers an array of learning materials suited to different skill levels. For instance, new users can follow step-by-step video guides on setting up accounts or understanding trade types, while advanced traders may join live webinars discussing complex strategies or market scenarios. These sessions are a chance to see experts break down tricky concepts and ask questions, turning abstract ideas into practical knowledge.
Keeping up with market news updates is another vital resource. Real-time news feeds on app.deriv highlight major global events, economic reports, and earnings announcements that could shake up markets. For a trader in Pakistan, knowing when the US Federal Reserve changes interest rates or when key commodities reports drop can be the difference between profit and loss. Staying informed helps you adjust your strategy based on actual developments rather than guesswork or luck.
Remember, tools and educational resources don’t guarantee success alone, but they arm you with the insights and real-time data needed to make smarter decisions consistently.
By mastering these features on app.deriv, you turn raw numbers and headlines into actionable trading tactics that suit your personal style and goals.
Managing Your Account on app.deriv
Managing your account on app.deriv isn't just about having funds in your wallet; it's the backbone of your trading experience. Without proper account management, even the sharpest trades can falter due to overlooked deposits, slow withdrawals, or missed performance insights. This section sheds light on how you can keep your trading journey smooth by handling the nuts and bolts like deposits, withdrawals, and tracking your progress effectively.
Deposits and Withdrawals
Supported payment methods
Handling money on app.deriv is pretty straightforward thanks to its support for a decent range of payment methods. Whether you're pumping in your capital or pulling out profits, you’ll find options that blend well with how you prefer to manage finances—especially if you’re trading from Pakistan.
Popular options include:
Bank transfers: Convenient for those who like direct connections to their bank accounts, albeit a bit slower.
E-wallets like Skrill and Neteller: Great for quicker moves, these wallets provide a handy bridge without exposing your bank details every time.
Cryptocurrency payments: If you’re into Bitcoin or Ethereum, some traders use these for extra privacy and faster transactions.
Local methods: Keep an eye on any Pakistan-specific methods like JazzCash or EasyPaisa integrations, which are less common but worth checking.
By offering multiple options, app.deriv caters to different comfort levels and speeds, reducing friction when it comes to funding your trades or cashing out.
Processing times and fees
Nobody likes waiting, especially when you want to jump into the market or get your hands on your winnings. Processing times can vary a lot depending on the method:
Bank transfers might take between 1 to 5 business days.
E-wallets usually clear almost instantly or within a few hours.
Crypto transactions can range from a few minutes to an hour, depending on network congestion.
Fees? Well, app.deriv generally keeps its own charges low or none, but third-party fees can sneak in, especially with banks or crypto exchanges. For example, a Pakistani trader using bank transfer might face currency conversion fees or local banking charges outside app.deriv's control.
Tip: Always double-check these fees and timing on your payment provider’s side before making moves. It could save you from surprises and help maintain your cash flow.
Tracking Your Trading Performance
Reports and statistics
Keeping tabs on how your trades are faring helps sharpen your strategies and avoid repeated mistakes. app.deriv offers detailed reports and statistics that breakdown your wins, losses, trade volumes, and asset performance.
You get access to:
Daily, weekly, and monthly summaries
Profit and loss charts
Asset-specific performance metrics
Think of it as your personal trading diary that you can revisit anytime to spot trends—like noticing that tech stocks tend to outperform on Fridays, or binary options work better with certain assets. Using these insights, you can tweak your approach rather than blindly guessing.
Setting goals and limits
One of the top mistakes traders make is risking too much or continuing after a bad streak. app.deriv allows you to set daily or weekly limits on your trading activity—kind of like putting a cap on the game so it doesn't run away from you.
You can:
Set maximum deposit amounts
Define daily loss limits
Schedule automatic pauses after a set number of trades
By having these guardrails, you prevent emotional decisions from driving your losses. It’s a practical way to stay disciplined, especially for beginners or those juggling trading with busy lives.
Managing your account responsibly on app.deriv blends straightforward fund handling with smart performance tracking. It's the quiet enabler behind making your trading efforts count without burning out or losing sight of your goals.
With these tools and good habits in place, you’re better positioned to ride the highs and lows without getting overwhelmed. Ultimately, your account management style can make or break your trading results—so give it the attention it deserves.
Security Measures and User Safety
When trading on app.deriv, security isn't just a checkmark; it's the backbone that keeps your funds and information safe. For traders, especially in Pakistan where regulatory clarity is still evolving, knowing that the platform takes your security seriously helps build trust and peace of mind. Several critical measures ensure your experience won't be soured by cyber threats or unauthorized access.
Data Protection and Privacy
Encryption standards
Encryption acts like a secret code that scrambles your data, so hackers can't read it even if they get their hands on it. app.deriv uses strong encryption protocols similar to those used by banks—think AES-256 bit encryption—meaning your login details, transactions, and personal info are locked up tight as they travel between your device and the servers.
This kind of encryption prevents common cyberattacks like man-in-the-middle interception, which could otherwise expose your passwords or trade data. For traders, this means your trades and sensitive data stay under wraps, reducing the risk of financial loss or identity theft.
User data management
Beyond encryption, managing how your data is stored and accessed is another vital security layer. app.deriv makes a point of storing user information on secure servers with limited access only to authorized personnel. They follow a "need-to-know" approach, minimizing exposure.
Moreover, personal data is isolated, not mixed with other users' info, which narrows the attack surface. In case of any data breach attempts, prompt monitoring tools help detect unusual activity, allowing swift actions before things spiral out of control.
Remember, safeguarding your data isn't just about trust but also compliance with global standards that protect traders worldwide.
Account Security Best Practices
Two-factor authentication
Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a simple yet powerful tool that adds a second security gate before someone can access your account. Instead of just a password, you’ll confirm your identity with a time-limited code generated on your smartphone or sent via SMS.
This measure greatly lowers risks from stolen or guessed passwords. Even if a hacker gets your password, they run into a dead end without the 2FA code. Traders with active 2FA report far fewer account breaches and feel more confident managing larger sums or high-frequency trades.
Setting up 2FA on app.deriv takes just a few minutes in your account settings. It’s one of those small steps that pays off big in avoiding headaches later.
Password management tips
Strong password habits are your first line of defense. Avoid using the same password across sites, especially common phrases or easily guessed combinations like "password123" or "derivpakistan". Instead, create complex passwords mixing letters, numbers, and symbols.
Here’s a quick checklist for better passwords:
Use at least 12 characters.
Mix uppercase and lowercase letters.
Include numbers and special characters like !, @, or #.
Avoid dictionary words or personal info like birthdates.
To keep track without pulling your hair out, consider a reputable password manager such as LastPass or Bitwarden. These tools generate strong passwords and securely store them for you.
Lastly, change passwords periodically, especially if you notice any suspicious login notifications or after using public Wi-Fi.
In short, securing your app.deriv account relies on combining tech-level protections with everyday habits you can control. Implementing encryption standards, smart data management, 2FA, and solid password routines will shield your trading experience from common security threats.
Customer Support and Assistance
Customer support stands as the backbone of any trading platform, and app.deriv is no exception. Given how crucial timely help can be in the fast-moving world of trading, knowing where to turn when something goes wrong saves not just time but potentially significant money. For traders in Pakistan especially, who might face unique challenges like payment method complexities or connectivity hiccups, accessible and efficient support becomes even more vital.
Available Support Channels
Live chat
Live chat on app.deriv offers a real-time connection to support staff, which means traders don't have to wait hours or even days to get answers. Imagine you encounter a glitch right before placing a trade—being able to message someone instantly could prevent losses or confusion. The chat is usually accessible 24/7, staffed by agents who can handle everything from technical issues to account queries. Since it's embedded within the platform, it’s super convenient—you don’t have to leave your trading screen to get help.
Email and phone support
For issues that might need detailed explanation or follow-up, email support lets you lay out your problem clearly and attach any relevant documents or screenshots. Response times vary but usually occur within 24 hours. Phone support adds a more personal touch, ideal if you’re dealing with more complex concerns or prefer speaking directly to a human. While the phone option might not be available around the clock, it is useful for urgent matters during business hours. Both these modes complement live chat by offering alternative ways to communicate based on the urgency and type of issue.
Common Issues and Troubleshooting
Login problems
Traders sometimes get stuck at the login stage due to forgotten passwords, verification delays, or browser cache issues. In such cases, app.deriv recommends first resetting your password using the "Forgot Password" option. Make sure your email is verified as well, since that's often a prerequisite to access your account. Clearing your browser’s cache or trying a different device or network can sometimes fix stubborn login glitches too. If these steps don't help, customer support is there to guide you through account recovery to get you back in the game without much hassle.
Trade execution issues
Nothing tests patience like a trade that won't go through or execute incorrectly. Delays can be caused by slow internet, market volatility, or platform server load. It's important to check your connection stability first, maybe restart your router or switch networks if possible. If trades consistently fail despite good connectivity, contacting support helps identify if it’s a platform error or account-specific issue. Sometimes adjusting your trade parameters or updating the app can resolve hiccups. Remember, keeping calm and systematically troubleshooting avoids costly mistakes during those critical trading moments.
Responsive customer support isn’t just a convenience—it can directly impact your trading success by helping you navigate hurdles quickly and confidently.
Overall, leveraging the right support channels when problems arise on app.deriv makes your trading experience smoother and more secure, which is especially important when live markets wait for no one.
Considerations for Traders in Pakistan
Trading with app.deriv in Pakistan means wrestling not only with market ups and downs but also local hurdles that can trip up even the savviest trader. Understanding what’s specific to this region isn't just a box to tick—it’s what can keep your trading game strong and compliant. From the laws that quietly shape every transaction to the nuts and bolts of how money moves in and out, these aspects play a huge role in your overall experience.
Legal and Regulatory Context
Overview of local regulations
Pakistan’s financial landscape comes with its own set of rules that traders need to be mindful of. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) regulates trading activities, but it focuses mainly on local exchanges. Online platforms like app.deriv operate in a bit of a gray area since binary options and CFDs aren't formally regulated within the country. This means traders should exercise extra caution and keep updated with any changes in regulatory notices.
Staying informed about legal updates can prevent surprises, especially since some products might face restrictions or require additional documentation.
Practical takeaway: Before diving in, check with local financial advisors or regulatory announcements to ensure the instruments you trade on app.deriv are compliant. This helps avoid potential legal trouble and unexpected freezes on accounts.
Impact on using app.deriv
Because app.deriv is an international platform, Pakistani users generally face no direct bans but might encounter challenges like withdrawal delays or payment restrictions, a common issue when dealing with foreign platforms. Plus, since regulation is loose, it's crucial to rely on the platform's security features and your own vigilance.
An example is how the State Bank of Pakistan occasionally updates policies on foreign exchange remittances, which can affect how quickly you move money between app.deriv and your local bank.
Payment Options Available in Pakistan
Popular local payment methods
One advantage for Pakistani traders on app.deriv is the inclusion of local payment channels. Methods like JazzCash and EasyPaisa are popular, allowing easy deposits and withdrawals without jumping through hoops. Using these options, users avoid hefty conversion fees and lengthy bank processing times.
Pro tip: Using such local e-wallets can save you from the headaches of currency exchange fluctuations and delays.
However, these payment services may have daily limits, so plan your trades accordingly if you’re dealing with larger amounts.
Cross-border transactions
Moving money across borders always has its hiccups. In Pakistan, strict foreign exchange rules mean traders should be wary of how app.deriv processes funds. Transactions via international credit cards like Visa or Mastercard often go smoothly but might get flagged if you’re pulling unusually high amounts.
Furthermore, currency conversion rates and potential extra fees from banks should be factored into your trading budget. For instance, a deposit of $1,000 might turned into slightly less after conversion and processing fees, impacting your effective trading capital.
Keep an eye on these details, and consider smaller, more frequent transactions if the platform or your bank flags large transfers.
Understanding these financial channels and regulations upfront helps traders in Pakistan avoid surprises, keep their accounts in good standing, and focus on what matters—making smart trades. The key is knowing where your money sits, how it moves, and the laws that quietly set the rules for all this.
Tips for Making the Most of app.deriv
Knowing how to extract the best from app.deriv can make a significant difference in your trading experience and outcomes. This platform offers plenty of tools and resources, but using them wisely is key. Whether you are a newbie or a seasoned trader, having a solid approach boosts confidence and helps avoid costly mistakes. Let’s talk about some practical advice that can help you steer your trading journey more effectively.
Developing a Trading Strategy
A well-crafted trading strategy acts like a roadmap. Without one, you might find yourself wandering aimlessly, reacting to every market twitch. Risk management is at the heart of any strategy. It’s about knowing how much you’re willing to lose and protecting your capital from sudden market moves. For instance, using stop-loss orders on app.deriv can cap your losses before they spiral out of control. Many traders set a rule to never risk more than 2% of their trading balance on a single trade — this keeps losses manageable and preserves funds for better opportunities.
Good risk management isn't about avoiding losses completely but controlling them enough so you can stay in the game.
Consistent evaluation means reviewing your trades regularly. After every few trades, look back and check what worked and what didn’t. Are you sticking to your plan? Are the market conditions changing in ways that need you to adapt? Keeping a simple trading journal on app.deriv or offline can foster this habit — note your entry and exit points, reasons for taking the trade, and the outcome. This way, you learn from your mistakes and successes alike.
Using Platform Features Efficiently
One of the practical features on app.deriv that often gets overlooked is setting alerts. These alerts notify you when an asset hits a certain price or when market conditions change. Instead of staring at charts all day, you can focus on other things and get notified exactly when your attention is needed. For example, if you trade forex pairs like USD/PKR, setting alerts for significant price moves allows timely action without missing out.
Besides alerts, utilizing demo accounts is a lifesaver, especially for beginners. app.deriv’s demo feature lets you trade with virtual money, giving you a risk-free way to practice strategies and familiarize yourself with platform quirks. Before going live, spend a few sessions experimenting with trade types and settings. Many veterans recommend this step, as it reduces costly rookie errors and builds confidence.
In short, using every tool at your disposal on app.deriv — from risk management setups to alerts and demo accounts — enhances your trading skills and safeguards your investment. It’s like having a support system right in your pocket.
Mastering these tips isn’t about overnight success but building steady habits that pay off in the long run. Remember, trading is as much about discipline and preparation as it is about market knowledge.